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A soup of extremist - hot elementary particles could be the key to understanding what the creation was like just after its formation , scientists say .
Over the past few days , physicist have created this soup inside two of the world ’s most hefty molecule accelerators — the Large Hadron Collider ( LHC ) in Switzerland and the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ( RHIC ) in New York — by smashing particles together at superfast speed .
An ordinary proton or neutron (foreground) is formed of three quarks bound together by gluons, carriers of the color force. Above a critical temperature, protons and neutrons and other forms of hadronic matter “melt” into a hot, dense soup of free quarks and gluons (background), the quark-gluon plasma.
When two particles clash , they explode into vestal energy herculean enough to melt down atoms and fracture apart proton and neutrons ( the building blocks of atomic nucleus ) into their constituent quark cheese and gluon . Protons and neutrons comprise three quarks each , and gluon are the mass - less gum that guard the quarks together .
The result is a plasm scientists call an " almost - perfect liquid , " with almost zero friction .
Hotter than the sun
At temperature between 7 trillion and 10 trillion stage Fahrenheit ( 4 trillion and 6 trillion grade Celsius ) , this " quark - gluon plasma " is thehottest thing ever created on Earth , and is about 100,000 time hot than the center of the sun .
" We now have create matter in a unique Department of State , composed of quark and gluons that have been release from privileged protons and neutron , " said Steven Vigdor , a physicist at Brookhaven National Laboratory , which host the RHIC . This bizarre state of matter is thought to closely resemble the form of matter in the cosmos just a few fraction of a 2nd after it was born in theBig Bangabout 13.7 billion long time ago . [ Album : Behind the Scenes at RHIC ]
" Many vital features of the universe were established at those very former second in the early childhood of the universe of discourse , " Vigdor said today ( Aug. 13 ) at the Quark Matter 2012 particle physicists conference in Washington , D.C.
shortly after this phase of the universe , quarks and gluons would have fuse to constitute proton and neutron , which would have grouped with electrons a while later to form atoms . These finally establish the galaxies , stars and planet that we hump today .
To better interpret how this befall , scientists place to experiment on this primordial soup to hit the books its properties , such as its viscosity , which is a measure of its internal friction , or resistance to flow . compare with everyday liquidity such as honey or even water , quark - gluon blood plasma has very small viscosity .
This blood plasma is also super impenetrable , with atom jam in more tightly than neutron stars , the compressed balls of matter that result when some stars blow up in supernovas .
" We do have now the tools in position to really try out with it … and figure out precisely what variety of stuff this really is and why it has these extraordinary properties , " said Jurgen Schukraft , a physicist at the CERN physics science lab in Geneva , home of the LHC .
cannonball through blood plasma
One of the ways scientist experiment on this state of subject is by shoot other particles through it .
Charm quark , for lesson , are a flavor of quark 100 times more massive than the up and down quark cheese that form proton and neutron . When physicists at the Large Hadron Collider ’s ALICE experiment injected particles containing magic spell quarks into the quark - gluon plasm , they found that the plasma ’s flow was so firm it dragged the charm particles along with it , finally slow down down their passage .
" Even though they ’re very backbreaking and they go through like cannonballs , they are slowed in the end,“Schukraft tell . " This matter has an tremendous capacity to stop even very sonorous molecule . "
scientist have been bespeak after quark - gluon plasma for years . In 2005 , physicists mistrust they had created it inside RHIC , but it was n’t until 2010 that theyverified they had created matter spicy enoughto give rise to the extreme state .
